This article reviews the evolution of CPC leaders’ thinking on population issues during the Period of New Democratic Revolution and Socialist Construction.People are the subjects of social activities,and hence population theory is an essential part of the Marxist Theory.It has been a great concern of the CPC to apply Marxists’ population theory to investigate China’s population issues and explore the approaches of population development in the process of carrying out socialist revolution and constructions.In the early years of the CPC,its leaders criticized the viewpoint of "the overcrowding problem",which ensured the right direction of revolution.After the success of the revolution,the CPC has correctly recognized the law of population development,creatively put forward the notion of family planning,population control and accommodating population reproduction to material production.This has not only created a favorable population circumstance for the construction of socialism,but also made important contributions to the enrichment and development of Marxist population theory.